● Accuracy of jumping assessment.
● Presenting a new method to calculate jumping height regarding kinetics approach.
● A comparison of different biomechanical methods in calculation.
Plain Language Summary 
Vertical jump ability is a critical physical component to success in volleyball, allowing a competitive advantage in attack as well as defense. It is important for volleyball players to reach the maximum height above the net, specifically in attacking and blocking techniques. The height of vertical jump during a block jump reports the potential of reduction in effectiveness of the attacking opponent. many anthropometrical, physiological and kinematical parameters can influence jump height, but kinetic variables have critical effect on this characteristic.

● Strengthening of the hip joint can decrease the pain of volleyball players with patellofemoral complications
and change the kinematics of the lower limbs on the frontal plane after eight weeks of thigh muscle resistance training.
Plain Language Summary 
Recent studies have recommended the probable role of femoral muscle weakness in creating this complication and adding hip strength to conventional knee muscle training for the treatment of these patients. Each study specifically has measured the effect of a method on treatment, while the newest approaches in the treatment of patients with patellofemoral pain are more orthosis, prosthesis, reinforcement training, and tensile training. The effect of reinforcement exercises on the strength, pain, and kinematics of lower limbs of women with patellofemoral complications has been examined. Understanding factors, such as thigh muscle weaknesses may play an important role in the occurrence of patellofemoral pain syndrome. However, so far, this muscle has been not widely considered in therapeutic protocols. The mentioned study also examined the effect of the strengthening of these muscles in therapeutic protocols and contradictory results were achieved. Thus, we decided to consider the effect of reinforcement exercises on the pathway of the patellofemoral joint and control this multi-factor syndrome. The results of this study showed that after training, in the experimental group, pain decreased and the strength of the abductor’s muscles and external rotator of the hip joint muscles increased. Knee dynamic valgus and pelvic drop were observed in single-leg squat only in the experimental group.

● After Kinesio-taping, shoulder pain was less in the follow-up stage than in the pre-test and post-test stages.
● After 20 minutes of using kinesio-taping, functional stability in the shoulder joint of swimmers increased. 
● Davis and upper-quarter Y balance test showed a signifcant improvement compared to the pre-test after taping.
Plain Language Summary 
Shoulder pain and shoulder injury are very common in swimmers and the stability of this joint decreases following shoulder joint injury. One way to improve shoulder pain and condition is to tape and fix on the shoulder That kinesio-tape allows people to do that. The results of this study showed that shoulder pain and shoulder joint stability improve after shoulder taping. These results suggest that taping can provide the basis for reducing pain and improving the sability of swimmers’ shoulder girdles. Therefore, inesio-tape can be used as an adjunctive treatment technique for people with Shoulder pain and prevent possible injuries in this area.

● Gait muscle activity was affected by two dual-task and executive training. 
● Co-contraction and muscular EMG asymmetry showed no statistically significant changes.
Plain Language Summary 
Age-related changes individuals’ cognitive level, such as attention, executive function, and speed of processing that can affect gait and balance performance. During walking, this high levels of cognitive information and attention are required to evaluate, plan, and perform this task. Maintenance and improvement of muscle function in old age is an important parameter to sustain normal daily activity and functional independence. In this study, 30 old adults were randomly assigned to three groups (cognitive dual-task, executive function, and a control group) that participated in eight weeks of training for three sessions per week. Gait muscle activity under single-task and dual-task conditions were recorded before and after training. Increased co-contraction in older adults might be related to the increased cost of walking. Also, higher walking velocity and unchanged or lower muscular EMG activation in the training groups may be associated with high gait efficiency and lower proximal joint load in older adults.

● Intellectual disabilities people are deficient in physical fitness and balance compared to healthy people.
● These problems affect their academic and social performance maintaining muscle strength and endurance and improving balance. 
● Proper posture and posture and strengthening the muscles, stabilize the core stability of the muscles. 
● People with intellectual disability have developmental coordination disorders compared to normal people. 
● Coordination sports interventions can be extremely effective in creating visual movement control, speed and agility of the upper limbs, speed and agility, balance, strength and coordination of the limbs, and bilateral coordination.
Plain Language Summary 
The mentally retarded are those with below-average Intelligence Quotient. Mentally retarded in terms of education is divided into four groups, which include: slow learning (IQ 90-75), teachable group with IQ (70-50), trainable group (30-49) and dependent group (below 29) are. Among the educable mentally retarded are children who have difficulty in coordinating components, in fine and coarse motor skills such as balance, throwing and jumping poorly, and in finger movements and coordination of eye and hand movements compared to ordinary people. They also have delayed motor development compared to their peers, which reduces their balance, and they usually perform slower and less accurate movements. On the other hand, the physical fitness of these people compared to healthy people is defective and they need attention and exercise. Because these problems affect their academic and social performance. In these people, maintaining muscle strength and endurance and balance and improving motor skills to achieve a better life and functional independence are important factors. Therefore, according to the research results, central stability exercises, while maintaining proper posture and posture during functional activities, prevented the occurrence of incorrect movement patterns to some extent, and on the other hand, coordination exercises as improving balance and bilateral coordination, upper limb coordination Improved in other respects was also accepted as a fun and lively game. Therefore, one of the reasons for the effectiveness of the central stability and coordination exercise program on increasing gross and fine motor skills was to increase balance and increase vitality and self-confidence to be appropriate to the needs of these children. All coaches and parents can use the combined central stability and coordination exercise program due to the cheapness and availability of these exercise equipment that one can easily do at home, in leisure time and exercise bell.

● There is no difference between Low-level Laser Therapy and electrical stimulation in improving facial symmetry and function in patients with acute Bell’s palsy.
Plain Language Summary 
Bell’s palsy is a condition affecting the facial nerve leading to muscle weakness over one side of the face. This condition is treated using many physiotherapy techniques. Laser therapy and electrical stimulation are both more effective than the usual treatments for Bell’s palsy. However, these techniques have not been compared with each other yet. This study intended to find the more effective treatment between laser therapy and electrical stimulation for improving facial appearance and function in people with early Bell’s palsy.

• Specialized neuromuscular training for injury prevention should be used to improve the performance and dynamic balance of athletes in landing. 
• Sports metrics soccer training (SMST) significantly affects the landing error scoring system and soccer players’ balance. 
• Because of the relationship between landing error, balance, and injury, it is recommended that soccer players and coaches use SMST to prevent serious injuries, including anterior cruciate ligament tear.
Plain Language Summary 
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most common soccer injuries. Athletes with this injury will be away from sports competitions for a long time. Hence injury prevention is one of the main concerns in professional soccer. However, on the one hand, most coaches, because of their specific expectations to achieve team goals, are reluctant to implement injury prevention programs. On the other hand, the effect of these programs on improving the physical performance of athletes is weak. Therefore, it is necessary to use a comprehensive and practical protocol that simultaneously prevent injury and improve physical performance sports teams. The study aimed to investigate the effect of sports metrics soccer training (SMST) on landing error scoring systems (LESS) and dynamic balance in soccer players. The results of the present study showed that SMST can improve LESS score and Y-balance. Lack of dynamic balance is one of the functional weaknesses that is very crucial in injury prevention and puts athletes at injury risk. Therefore, according to the present study results, SMST has significant effects on LESS and soccer players' balance. Because of the relationship between landing error, balance, and injury, it is recommended that soccer players and coaches use SMST to prevent serious dangerous injuries, including ACL tear.