● A comprehensive review of the literature showed poor balance in the blind.
● Considering vestibular and proprioception inputs, the blind showed similar performance as that of sighted subjects.
● Balance in the blind improved by age because of the development of vestibular and proprioception systems.
● The blind mostly rely on the hip strategy.
● All training protocols and exercises were found to have positive effects on balance in the blind.
Plain Language Summary
It was found that the blind suffer from poor balance. However, they tend to be no different from normal people when sufficient data from vestibular and proprioception systems are available. It was also found that balance in the blind improves by age that increases the efficiency and maturity of vestibular and proprioception systems. The blind tend to be more reliant on hip

● Eight weeks of corrective exercise and corrective games also can improve head forward, kyphosis and shoulder angle.
Plain Language Summary
The spine is the support of the upper body part and plays a fundamental role in performing the functions of the body. Excessive pressure or inactivity in this part of the body not only endangers the internal organs of the body but also unbalances the skeletal and muscular structure of the upper body and negatively affects the process of human movements and activities. Nowadays, advanced societies use games to correct children’s postural abnormalities. In this regard, several cross-sectional and local studies have been conducted so far. These studies have shown the positive effects of the game on the correction of abnormalities. However, it seems that no research has specifically compared the effect of the two methods of corrective exercises and corrective games on the rate of upper extremity syndrome abnormality in female students. The contradictory results of some studies and the lack of research in this field arise the fundamental question that which method (corrective exercises or corrective games) is more effective on the rate of upper extremity syndrome abnormality in female students? Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effect of the two methods of corrective exercises and games on the rate of upper extremity syndrome abnormality in female students.

● Weightlifting, wushu, and judo showed the highest low back injury incidences.
● More than one-third of the low back complaints involved the lumbar spine.
● Females were at higher risk of low back pain and injury than males.
Plain Language Summary
This study considered the low back injuries in athletes among 12 sport discipline. Weightlifting had highest rate of injury. More than one-third of the low back complaints involved the lumbar spine. Females were at higher risk of injury to ow back. adults and the elderly had the highest prevalence of low back complaints. Accordingly, wushu, judo, and especially weightlifting should be in priority of prevention.

● Postural alignment postmenopausal women in the three areas of the head, shoulders and neck and the curvature of the spine can be affected by a decrease in bone density in osteopenic and osteoprotic conditions.
● More attention is needed to the postural evaluation and screening of people at risk for osteoporosis.
Plain Language Summary
Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women may be associated with musculoskeletal disorders followed by changes in the alignment of the body, especially the spine. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the posture of osteopenic, osteoporotic, and healthy menopausal women. According to the results, the decrease in bone density at the osteopenic and osteoporotic levels can affect the postural alignment of the head, shoulders, and neck and the curvature of the spine in postmenopausal women in the three study groups

● Virtual reality-based exercises have the ability to improve static and dynamic balance and performance of athletes with functional ankle sprains.
Plain Language Summary
People who suffer from recurrent ankle sprains are said to have ankle instability. Finding a solution to this problem seems necessary. Thirty semi-amateur athletes present in the leagues of Tehran Province from the volleyball, basketball, football, and futsal leagues were randomly selected according to the selection and exclusion criteria and were divided into a control group and an experimental group (exercises based on virtual reality). The experimental group performed virtual reality-based exercises for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week, under the supervision of the researcher. According to the results of this study, virtual reality-based exercises have a significant effect on static and dynamic balance and performance of athletes, and these exercises can be used to improve static and dynamic balance, as well as the performance of basketball, volleyball, football and futsal players. The use of virtual reality and games is one of the new ways to use technology in order to rehabilitate people with balance disorders and postural control, which in addition to providing rehabilitation facilities and required movement and functional activities, these facilities in the environment provides a home and eliminates the need for them to go to the relevant clinics. The attractiveness and novelty of these exercises make athletes and coaches more willing to use these exercises than traditional exercises.

● Little is known about how core stability impacts movement screen test in blind athletes.
● Eight weeks of core stability exercise can positively affect FMS test in elite Goalball players.
● The advantages are more noticeable in Goalball players with lower movement quality.
Plain Language Summary
Preparticipation assessments are the standard approach for evaluating poor movement quality that would increment musculoskeletal injury chance. However, little is known about how core stability impacts movement screen test in blind athletes. This study examined the effects of the an 8-week core stability training program on the functional movement screening test in 26 elite goalball players (13 in the training group, 13 in the control group). The training group was requested to complete a core stability training program using a swiss ball that met 3 times per week for 8 weeks. The control group did usual goalball exercises. The score of functional movement screening test were significantly increased from the baseline in training group. An 8-week core stability training program using a swiss ball increases functional movement screening test in Iranian elite goalball players. The advantages are more noticeable in goalball players with lower movement quality.

●9TSB was used to predict the likelihood of lordosis.
●The tests included deep squat, one-legged squat, in-line lunge, active hip flexion, straight leg raises, push up, diagonal lift, seated rotation and functional shoulder mobility.
●The Wald test is statistically significant for the deep squat 0.023 and for straight leg raise 0.033.
●These variables contribute significantly to the predictability of the model and the likelihood of lumbar hyper lordosis.
Plain Language Summary
Spinal abnormalities may have negative effects on a person's quality of life. Among these abnormalities, lumbar hyper lordosis is one of the most important and common. It is better to do screening and physical evaluation programs at an early age so that if there are postural problems, the necessary prevention can be done. There are several ways to measure and evaluate the human body, the evaluation of movement patterns is one of the most important and efficient. Movement patterns mean how people typically perform their daily movements and activities, and whether or not these patterns meet the standard defined for body anatomy. The aim of this study was to use a guideline for measuring movement patterns to predict the likelihood of lumbar deformity. The instructions we used in this study included 9 tests that challenged most parts of the body. Among them, the movements that challenged the lumbar and pelvic areas the most were able to create a clean slate between normal people and people with lumbar hyper lordosis. In other words, people with lumbar hyper lordosis are weak in performing movements that play a greater role in the spine and pelvis, and show lower quality movements than normal people.