● Oral rehabilitation by Patakara lip muscle trainer can make a strong lip closure.
● Patakara can enhance many oral dysfunctions related to aging.
● Patakara can enhance oral breathing, snoring, and gastrointestinal dysfunction.
Plain Language Summary 
Oral and perioral musculature exercising by Patakara lip muscle trainer must attract more attention from physicians, elderly patients, and physiotherapists. Strong oro-labial and tongue muscles are the main adjunctive rehabilitation method to treat many common elderly-occurred oral dysfunctions including oral breathing, snoring, halitosis (bad mouth), xerostomia (dry mouth), eating disorders, and dysphagia.

● Effect of mental imagery exercises on women's movement pattern.
● Mental exercises alone do not change the movement pattern.
● Mental exercises in conjunction with physical exercises cause lasting changes.
Plain Language Summary 
The effect of mental imagery exercises on women's movement pattern was investigated. Therefore, in addition to physical exercises, mental exercises were also used. The results of this study showed that mental exercises alone do not change the movement pattern. But if mental exercises are used in conjunction with physical exercises, it will cause lasting changes in women's movement pattern.

● The study is a quasi-experimental and double-blind randomized clinical trial on chronic non-specific neck pain.
● Adding dry needle to a conventional physiotherapy program would further reduce the severity of neck pain, further improve neck disability index, 
●Adding dry needle to a conventional physiotherapy program would further improve neck disability index.
● Adding dry needle to a conventional physiotherapy program would further reduce thickness of Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and Upper Trapezius (UT) muscles. 
Plain Language Summary 
Physiotherapists have access to many options of conventional Physiotherapy for patients. Nowadays, it is common that Physiotherapists use dry needling to release or inactivate trigger points to relieve pain or improve range of motion. Research supports that dry needling reduces pain and muscle tension, improve function, and facilitates return to active life. Previous studies suggested need for providing more evidence to support the value of adding dry needle conventional Physiotherapy. We conducted a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effect of adding Dry Needle (DN) technique for Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and Upper Trapezius (UT) muscles to conventional physiotherapy for patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain. Our results showed that adding dry needle to conventional Physiotherapy program would further reduce the severity of neck pain, further improve neck disability index, and further reduce muscle thickness in people with chronic nonspecific neck pain. This study provides a powerful evidence to support adding dry needle conventional Physiotherapy to improve the effectiveness of treatment for patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain

● Importance of appropriate technique in landing;
● Optimum shock absorption through optimum timing of landing;
● Concerning the kinetics as an outstanding parameters in biomechanics of landing.
Plain Language Summary 
Volleyball is considered as a sport with high frequency of jumping and landing. Volleyball players are susceptible to lower limbs injuries such as ankle sprain due to the nature of this sport. According to the previous researches biomechanics of landing play an outstanding role in injury prevention. Correlation between kinetic and temporal variables of landing has attracted experts of biomechancis. In this viewpoint it has been proposed that increasing the time between peaks of landing forces may lead to shock absorption. On the other hand, the aim of the players in volleyball is to reach the maximum height over the net. Here the question arises that whether correlation correlation exists between jumping height and kinetic- temporal variables of the jumping and landing performance in volleyball players. Results of the study revealed that significant correlations are obvious between maximum jumping height and peak forces as well as time between the peaks. Significant correlations between MJ height and temporal and kinetics variables of landing suggest that optimum timing in landing would lead to optimum shock absorption. As volleyball players are good jumpers, great stress would be placed on their lower extremities when landing. Increasing the time of the second peak (T2) will decrease impact force (F2), although it is not appropriate for volleyball goals.

● Avascular necrosis is ischemic bone necrosis affect the femoral condyles, tibial plateau, talus, and humeral head.
● The prevalence is typically 6% to 15% but may be as high as 52% in patients treated with high-dose of corticosteroids.
● In renal transplant patients, the ischemia occurs very early, often within 12 weeks of transplantation.
● Patient experience pain, limitation of ROM and limping during activity of the hip. By activity insidious onset of pain will appear and with disease progression, pain occur at rest and affect ROM and function.
Plain Language Summary 
After transplantation, inactivity and postoperative malnutrition lead to BMI and muscle atrophy, pre-exciting metabolic bone disease or mass accompanied by treatment by immunosuppressive therapy such as high doses of corticosteroids, lead to cellular hypertrophy and toxicity. Fat embolism is formed due to elevated lipid levels lead to micro emboli and endothelial cell changes causing venous stasis, an increased intra-osseous pressure and bone necrosis. Once osteonecrosis begins, 80% of the femoral heads will collapse, if not treated. Conservative treatment options including bed rest, reduced weight bearing, analgesics, deep heat modalities, braces, and ROM exercises but unfortunately, pain des not relieved 100%. AVN characterized by inflammatory changes and ischemia which occur in the first stage and lead to pain and edema. Using of NMES during early stage increase cell membrane adenosine receptors which have an anti-inflammatory effect accompanied by decrease the production of free radicles and this lead to decrease the pain. The anti-inflammatory effect reduced by NMES, decrease the breakdown of the cartilage and increase angiogenesis and improve bone formation through increase osteoblasts and decrease the osteoclasts.

● tDCS improves the balance of MS patients.
● tDCS has a positive effect on the disability of MS patients.
● tDCS can facilitate the learning of motor skills.
Plain Language Summary 
MS is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that is commonly seen in young adults between the ages of 20 and 40. Physicians reported the balance disorders as one of the earliest symptoms of this disease. Decreased muscle endurance, balance, and increased physical disability are major causes of falls in MS patients. The cerebellum is one of the most common areas of the brain that plays a major role in balance and execution of movements, which is damaged by this disease. In recent years, many interventions have been made to stimulate or inhibit the activity and function of the cerebellum in the human. tDCS a simple, non-invasive, endurable, and safe method without adverse effects, is one of the interventions that researchers have considered. Some research has shown that tDCS can affect the functions of different areas of the brain. Since tDCS is considered as a cheap and cost-effective intervention, in this study, this method was used as a complementary treatment to improve cerebellar function along with core stability exercises. The results of our study showed that electrical stimulation of the cerebellum with direct current has beneficial effects on the balance and disability of MS patients and also electrical stimulation of the cerebellum can facilitate the learning of motor skills. Therefore, this method can be used as a complementary treatment in MS.

● There are more dangerous kinematic parameters in the group of ball sports such as basketball or handball.
● The response will significantly effect on the athlete's performance
Plain Language Summary 
Athletes in unpredictability sport environments need to quickly choose movement strategies in response to changes of those around them. This response will significantly effect on the athlete's performance and the joint position among sport maneuvers. The cutting side maneuver performs suddenly and frequently in ball and rocket sports and these factors can increase the risk of injury especially non-contact injury in knee joint. because performing cutting side maneuvers in sports conditions with unpredictable factors such as the direction of the ball or pass or even the presence of the opponents or spectators can lead to technical errors and injury. Adolescent girls are more exposed to the risk of injury, and this injury can have devastating effects on a persons life. So, it's suggested that to prevent sports injuries and psychological and physical consequences resulting from it, and to promote the level of competition, the issue of predictability and correct training of techniques in designing exercise for this age group, especially in ball fields, receive more attention. additionally we can reduced the prevalence of non-contact injuries especially in knee joint injuries, by increased athletes awareness and correct performance.