●Landing with a toe-in leg position may increase the risk of ACL injuries.
●Landing with a toe-in leg position may increase the risk of ankle injuries.

Plain Language Summary 
In volleyball, there are three possible foot positions while landing, as follows: toe-in, toe-out, and neutral leg. Previous studies found that the toe-in leg position is associated with the increased internal rotation of the tibia and knee valgus. We aimed to investigate the difference in the feedback and feedforward activities of selected lower limb muscles while landing after triple jump spikes with toe-in or neutral leg positions in female volleyball players. Landing with toe-in or neutral leg positions at different time intervals suggested different effects on volleyball players’ lower limb muscles activities. As a result, such change must be considered in muscle activity for selecting the technique used. Our results indicated that toe-in landing in the feedforward phase might increase the odds of anterior shear forces and torsion force in the knees and the ACL injury risk. In the feedback phase, decreased biceps femoris muscle activity in toe-in landing declined hamstring muscle support of the ACL. Besides, the activity of the leg muscles and the positioning of the proneus longus muscle along its length put the ankle in an unstable position. Therefore, players are recommended to perform landing without toe-in positioning and to focus on strengthening hamstring muscles in their training program highly.

● The prevalence of spinal biomechanical changes in different research reports.

Plain Language Summary 
To identify, classify, screen, and ultimately reduce the prevalence of spinal biomechanical changes, it is necessary to conduct and expand such studies.

● More than 50% of physical education students have ligament dominance, leg dominance, and trunk dominance.
● Recommended that specializing in the prevention of ACL injuries in physical education students focus on correction ligament dominance, leg dominance, and trunk dominance.
● In female, the correction ligament dominance and trunk dominance are periority. But in male, the correction leg dominance is periorety.

Plain Language Summary 
The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence rate of neuromuscular deficits during tuck jump in female and male physical education and sports sciences University of Kurdistan students in 2018-2019 academic year. After Tuck jump test which recorded by two cameras, the performance evaluated using the Kinovea software. The implicor cations of this study might suggest that personal trainers, coaches, and basketball players employ this rective exercise program to improve knee kinematic during drop vertical jump and enhance athletes’ performance. The mean score of incidence of the ligament dominance, trunk dominance, and leg dominance was ˃50%. Therefore, it is recommended that preventive exercise programs emphasize on the correction of these defects. The correction of leg dominance deficiency is a priority among males; however, the correction of ligament dominance and trunk dominance is the priority among females.

● Supplying data on the crucial items impacting the outcome of brace treatment (in-brace correction, QOL and compliance); 
● Comparison of two group braces (Milwaukee, Lyon), the results illuminated that the appearance of brace is able to boost the range of compliance and QOL; 
● The overall in-brace correction would be improved which it was seen in Lyon brace in comparison with Milwaukee brace.

Plain Language Summary 
This manuscript is determined the influential factors on brace treatment and comparison them between two spinal brace (Milwaukee brace, Lyon brace) in thoracic hyperkyphosis. The effective factors on orthotic treatment were categorized in three variables: in-brace correction, compliance, and quality of life and this paper also discusses patients` mental and physical situation when they wear spinal brace. Our result introduced apt treatment protocol which is established appropriate features for the structure of brace, with concentration on psychological field, and it also provide highly chance to improve brace treatment. The knowledge of comparison between effective factors in two brace groups can provide an appropriate selection of spinal braces in thoracic hyperkyphosis among teenagers and the less of clear research, we believe that the findings presented in our paper will be appeal to medicines, orthotist, physical therapist and even psychologists. Given the mentioned comparison has been crucial to diagnose the success of treatment thus our findings will allow researchers to identify the principles of brace wearing in hyperkyphosis as team work and consider physical and mental patient`s situation clearly to improve outcome treatment. 

● The obtained results suggested changes in the joint ankle stiffness in hard insole condition, compared with other conditions, as a neuromuscular adaptation.
● Wearing a shoe with soft insole condition can result in greater negative knee joint power during landing, compared to hard and medium insoles.

Plain Language Summary 
A neuromuscular adaptation occurs in response to the hard insole condition with increasing the ankle joint stiffness. However, negative knee joint power was greater with soft insole conditions during jump-landing. The more ankle joint stiffness may increase the decelerated mass at landing which implies an increased risk of landing injuries with hard insole. A greater negative knee joint power during landing when using soft insole is an indication of the eccentric force on knee extensor muscles to attenuate loading impact. 

● Core stability training can improve risk of falling in individuals with visual impairment.
● Core stability training can improve static and dynamic balance in individuals with visual impairment.
● Generally, core stability training improves Quality of life and increases social activities and independence in blind pupulation.

Plain Language Summary 
Less training, along with a lack of visual symptoms, leads to less movement in people with visual impairment. This inactivity causes a delay in motor growth and movement and by the time this changes increases risk of falling in individuals with visual impairment. Blind athletes maintain balance without visual feedback.In simple terms, balance is defined as the ability to hold the body gravity center, which determines the body stability within the support surface area.exercises can increase strength, balance, and speed, and it is beneficial for blinds populations.the exercises in this program can improve their stability and decrease risk of falling.