Highlights 
● A reduction in apolipoproteins A and B can be optimally achieved with a multimodality approach by adopting a healthy lifestyle through diet modification, physical activity, and possible pharmacological therapy.
● Ramadan fasting has beneficial effects on HDL and LDL levels and could lead to a reduction in abdominal obesity, waist circumference, and waist to hip ratio Ramadan.

Plain Language Summary 
Ramadan is a holy month in the Islamic calendar (lunar calendar varies between 29 and 30 days) once a year. About 1.5 billion Muslims worldwide are religiously abstained from eating foods, oral intakes, such as medicine (unless in necessary cases) or smoking during the daylight starting from dawn to sunset. Muslims break their fasting just after sunset by having the main meal and then they may have two or three meals during the night until the dawn time. Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference (WC) are decreased gradually, especially in the last week of Ramadan compared with before Ramadan. The role of Ramadan fasting positively affect the metabolic syndrome markers, including central obesity, WC, fasting plasma glucose level, triglycerides level, High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), and Blood Pressure (BP). In terms of metabolism and serum hormonal levels, Ramadan fasting may affect the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, as well as related hormones levels. Also, Ramadan fasting has beneficial effects on HDL and LDL levels. Therefore, intermittent fasting, such as Ramadan fasting could be one of the treatment alternatives, especially in people with metastasis or cardiovascular or metabolic diseases considering their physician supervision. In general, Ramadan fasting is associated with positive improvements in different associated lipids, such as apolipoproteins, biochemical index, etc. that may directly or indirectly affect metabolic syndrome markers.

Highlights 
● Changing the normal position of the scapula causes a biomechanical disorder in the shoulder joint; 
● The abnormal posture of the scapula will presumably diminish the subacromial space and leads to a shoulder injury;

Plain Language Summary 
The purpose of this study was to compare the kyphosis angle, position of the shoulder, the strength of rotator cuff muscles, and the range of shoulder motions in two groups of volleyball players with and without impingement syndrome. The results of this study showed that in people with impingement syndrome, the kyphosis angle increased, the distance of the scapula from the spine at the affected side increased, the range of shoulder extension decreased, and the isometric strength of the shoulder involved in the abduction, flexion, and extension reduced.

Highlights 
● Volleyball is a sport with seldom physical contact between players, but there are severe injuries to the limbs, especially the joints, as a result of collisions with the playing field, as well as unbalanced jumps and landings.
● Neuromuscular defects are one of the main causes of non-collision anterior cruciate ligament injury, which increases the load on the joints of the lower extremities, and subsequently anterior cruciate ligament injury during sports activities.
● Increasing the stability of the central area causes neuromuscular recall to reduce back pain and prevent lower limb injury.

Plain Language Summary 
Selective core stability exercises in volleyball athletes with trunk defects can reduce the risk factors for moderate anterior cruciate ligament injury, such as biomechanical and neuromuscular factors. The results of the present study showed a significant difference between the jump-landing pattern and the muscular endurance of the trunk of the subjects in the two control and experimental groups.

Highlights 
● Functional stability of the shoulder girdle in symmetric scapular people was  better than scapular asymmetry.
● Disruption of the scapular poFunctional stability of the shoulder girdle in symmetric scapular people was better than scapular asymmetry people.
● Disruption of the scapular position decreases functional stability and optimal performance quality in this area.
● Asymmetry in the scapulae can be examined to predict shoulder injuries because of the decrease of functional stability and quality of the optimal function.

Plain Language Summary 
The shoulder girdle is a complex musculoskeletal system that is necessary for body function and movement. The position of the scapula bone plays an important role in producing smooth and coordinated shoulder girdle movements Change of scapula position and its displacement in bad posture can cause weakness in the shoulder area and reduce the stability of this area. In addition, the position of the scapula is directly related to the production of muscle forces and the range of motion of the shoulder girdle. Decreasing the asymmetry of the scapula position indicates an increased role of the scapular muscle stabilizer in controlling the approaching motion of the scapula. Therefore, as a result of scapula displacement, the probability of the functional stability reduces and the likelihood of subsequent injury increases. This study compares functional stability of shoulder girdle between Individuals with symmetric and asymmetric scapula people. Results indicate that the functional stability of the shoulder girdle in symmetric scapular group was better than those in asymmetric scapular group. Functional stability of the shoulder girdle has been evaluated in a variety of problems including shoulder pain, shoulder instability and even some musculoskeletal abnormalities such as round shoulder.

Highlights 
● Less experienced players were exposed more shoulder and elbow injuries than experienced players.
● Pitcher players were found with more injuries than other players in training and competitions.
● The prevalence of injuries was generally greater during training than in competitions, and at both times, the shoulder was more injured than the elbow.
● Muscle injuries, including strains and contusion, account for about half of all injuries. 
● The mechanism of most injuries is overuse and they are also often non-contact.

Plain Language Summary 
Coaches and players use epidemiological information to become aware of the prevalence of injury in their sports and reduce it through exercise or preventive measures. In this study, we used an injury report form to determine the prevalence, type, mechanism, and causes of injury in Iranian baseball players during 2019 season. The results showed that players in the pitcher position who had the most throws during each competition and training suffered more injuries than other players. The overall prevalence of injuries during training was more than in competitions. At both times, the injury to the shoulder was more prevalent than the elbow. Muscle injuries, including strains and contusion, account for about half of all injuries. The mechanism of the most of injuries was overuse which was also often non-contact. Therefore, it is recommended that trainers develop exercises to strengthen the muscles and muscle chain involved; also, they should consider a proper recovery and rest period to prevent common injuries.