● In a dynamic system, additional cognitive conditions increase the control effort, while the control system tries to reduce the control effort on the system.
● Control capacity is limited, and the system uses different mechanisms to compensate for this disorder, which is more tangible among the youth with better performance.
● Older adults use more support while walking by using different strategies, especially the lowering phase that by increasing in gait stability ratio, the odds of falling decreases.
Plain Language Summary
The natural aging process endangers older adults with a higher risk of falling while walking. A dual-task situation may affect walking performance. In this study, we found out that complex cognitive load exercises during preferential walking in the younger and older adults would decrease walking speed and increase learning gait stability. The gait stability ratio in older adults is higher than that in young adults to achieve greater balance.

● The excursion of the center of mass in the sagittal plane was lower than that in the healthy group, but it was higher in a frontal plane compared to the healthy group.
● Below-knee amputation group walks with an increased margin of stability in the frontal plane.
● The decreased dynamic of stability can endanger the BKA group at the risk of falling.
Plain Language Summary
Dynamic stability changes during walking in the Below-knee Amputation (BKA) group compared to the healthy group and increase the risk of falling in these patients; so, we aimed to investigate the dynamic stability of this group during walking. Walking speed and stride length decreased in patients with BKA. To increase their stability during gait, these patients increase step width. Because of the defection of the ankle joint of the prosthetic leg, these patients cannot apply enough force in the propulsion phase of gait. So, the stride length of these patients also decreases. These changes during gait can decrease dynamic stability and endanger them at the risk of falling; thus, using appropriate prosthesis with active ankle and strengthening muscles can help these patients and prevent falling.

● Stretching exercises are recommended to correct knee flexion contracture, and uphill treadmill walking is a form of functional stretching.
● This study showed that physiotherapy combined with uphill walking improved pain, symptoms, and sport and recreation functions of patients with knee osteoarthritis after 10 sessions or 20-day follow-up.
● The physiotherapist may consider uphill treadmill walking when designing a physiotherapy program for patients with knee osteoarthritis to promote the results of the rehabilitation programs.
Plain Language Summary
Knee flexion contracture because of pain is a complication of knee osteoarthritis, which consequently exerts a great force on patellofemoral joint and accelerates the degeneration process. Slow, sustained stretching, and free range of motion exercises are suggested to correct knee flexion contracture, which can be performed by uphill walking. This study aimed at comparing the effectiveness of physiotherapy with uphill walking versus physiotherapy alone on disability in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. The study intervention group received a ten-session physiotherapy program with an uphill treadmill walking, and the control group received the same physiotherapy program alone. The results showed that physiotherapy combined with uphill walking provided improvements in pain, symptoms, and sport and recreation functions in patients with knee osteoarthritis which did not improve as a result of physiotherapy alone. Thus, it is recommended to promote the results of physiotherapy by uphill treadmill walking

● The fatigue protocol can affect kinematic gait parameters in people with knee abnormalities and those with normal alignment.
● The subsequent effects of a fatigue protocol may differ in some parameters between normal subjects and those with genu varum and genu valgum.
● Our findings may help practitioners in this field to assess and manage their clients.
Plain Language Summary
Fatigue may cause variations in some parameters of gait, especially in those with knee misalignment and healthy adolescents as well, which suggests more attention to corrective exercise programs to improve the knee misalignment. Also, recording the gait parameters before and after the intervention would be valuable information regarding the improvement of knee misalignments.

● The dominant sensory system for restoring balance in healthy people is the visual system.
● The dominant sensory system for restoring balance in deaf people is the somatosensory system.
Plain Language Summary
The weak balance can result in irrecoverable damages. Deaf people are more vulnerable in maintaining balance and postural control than healthy people so that it can reduce the chance of successful recovery in these individuals. Thus, this study aimed to assess balance recovery in deaf people. The result showed that the dominant sensory system for restoring balance in healthy people is the visual, somatosensory, and vestibular systems, respectively. However, deaf people rely more on their somatosensory system, and then, their visual system.

● Stretching is useful and less costly method for improving the symptoms in chronic plantar Fasciitis.
● Extra Corporal Shockwave Therapy (ESWT) is suitable new method for improving the symptoms in chronic plantar Fasciitis.
Plain Language Summary
Plantar Fasciitis is a musculoskeletal disorder in the lower extremities that affects the plantar fascia. Patients typically suffer from a sharp pain in the medial heel of Calcaneus. Pain is often more severe when standing or in the first steps after waking up or after long periods of sitting. The treatment of chronic plantar Fasciitis is mainly conservative. In the present study, we used two methods of stretching and Extra Corporal Shockwave Therapy (ESWT) to treat this injury. Both methods effectively improved the symptoms of the disease. Therefore, we propose both methods for the treatment of plantar Fasciitis, although the stretching is less costly treatment.

● In this study, static balance was measured using the stork test.
● In this study, dynamic balance is the score that the subject obtains from the Y-balance test.
● In this study, core stability exercises as well as hopping exercises were performed for 6 weeks.
Plain Language Summary
Two groups, experimental and control, consist of 24 female Kabaddi players were selected. The experimental group performed a 6-week training program of core stabilization exercises and hopping. A questionnaire was used to collect information and exercise history. The strength of the core part was evaluated by trunk 60° flexion, Biering-Sorensen, forearm plank, and side plank tests. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of the data. In the case of normal data, the paired t-test was used to evaluate the differences in mean values. The results showed a significant difference between the mean posttest scores of trunk strength and static and dynamic balance in both experimental and control groups so that the subjects in the experimental group performed better in these tests. All statistical tests were performed at a significance level. The results show that combined balancing exercises for the core part of the body and hopping can improve the balance and endurance of the Kabaddi athletes and, thus, may prevent potential injuries.