• The results demonstrated increases of directed medial/lateral knee muscle co-contraction in the push-off phase.
• The findings showed a decrease in co-contraction of the vastus lateralis/vastus medialis knee muscles in the mid-stance phase. 
• The results demonstrated increases in general knee muscle co-contraction in the push-off phase. 
• Findings demonstrated increases in directed medial/lateral knee muscle co-contraction in the push-off phase.

Sand is a surface that is suitable to be used for individuals with overpronated feet because it is rather easy to access worldwide. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of a sand exercise program on knee muscle co-contraction in runners with overpronated feet. The results demonstrated increases in directed medial/lateral knee co-contraction during the push-off phase in the intervention group. Training programs may have positive effects for individuals with overpronated feet to reduce knee injuries during running by the greater directed medial/lateral co-contraction of knee muscles. 

• The hamstrings-to-quadriceps (H:Q) isokinetic strength ratio at an angular velocity of 60º/s is a risk factor for lower extremity injury of Iranian national judokas. 
• The flexor-to-extensor (FL:EX) shoulder muscle isokinetic strength ratio at an angular velocity of 300º/s is a risk factor for upper extremity injury of Iranian national judokas. 
• There is no statistically significant correlation between the torque ratio of the shoulder’s external rotator muscles and its internal rotator muscles and the injury of the upper extremity of Iranian national judokas.

Identifying the risk factors of sports injuries helps to prevent these injuries. Strength is one of the most important indicators of success in sports, but few studies have examined the role of this factor in the occurrence of sports injuries. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the isokinetic strength of the muscles of elite judokas and the incidence of injuries in a prospective method. All the judokas of the national teams participated in this study. We measured the isokinetic strength of different muscles of these judokas and then recorded their injuries for nine months. The hamstrings-to-quadriceps (H:Q) isokinetic strength ratio at an angular velocity of 60º/s  is a risk factor for lower extremity injury of Iranian national judokas. Also, the flexor-to-extensor (FL:EX) shoulder muscle isokinetic strength ratio at an angular velocity of 300º/s  is a risk factor for upper extremity injury of Iranian national judokas. However, there is no significant correlation between the ratios of the torque of the external rotator muscles to the internal rotator of the shoulder with the injury of the upper extremity of Iranian national judokas.

• Kinetics analysis of a specific volleyball skill.
• Demonstrating the importance of Biomechanics in the professional volleyball game.
• Separating the various phases of performance regarding biomechanics of block jump.

The main goals of biomechanics are human performance optimization as well as injury prevention. The important keynote is to find the glorious skills in each sport, and in volleyball, the block jump is known as a key factor of success. Combining and merging biomechanical principles in volleyball block jump will result in a better understanding of the nature of skills performance. Seventeen junior volleyball players attended the recent investigation and performed block jumps on the force platform. Kinetic data were collected and different phases of jumping were also derived according to the force-time data. No significant differences were found between the side blockers and middle blockers in volleyball when it comes to the kinetics of jumping and landing. This means that both positions exhibit similar patterns and mechanics in terms of their jumping and landing movements

• The muscle energy technique is a manual therapy approach that utilizes active muscle contractions to help reduce pain and improve musculoskeletal function.
• The quadratus lumborum muscle, a deep muscle situated in the lower back, plays a crucial role in stabilizing the spine, assisting with posture, and facilitating movements, such as lateral bending and extension.
• Muscle energy technique has shown promise in addressing low back pain by promoting muscle relaxation, enhancing range of motion, and reducing discomfort and pain in the affected area. 

This study examined the effects of a therapy called muscle energy technique (MET) on people with chronic low back pain who had difficulty moving from side to side. MET is a gentle manual therapy to relax muscles, reduce pain, and improve the ability to move. A total of 108 individuals were divided into two groups through a random selection process. One group received conventional physiotherapy, while the other group received both physiotherapy and MET. We measured pain levels and the ability to move before and after the treatments. Both groups experienced less pain and better movement after the treatment. The MET group had a greater improvement in movement compared to the control group. The findings indicated that combining MET with physiotherapy can significantly improve low back pain and the ability to move in people with chronic low back pain and limited side-to-side movement.

• Both resistance and aerobic training improve depression in MS patients.
• Both resistance and aerobic training reduce perceived stress in patients with MS.
• Aerobic and resistance training increase selected functional capacities in patients with MS.

Patients with MS experience many physical and psychological problems. Also, in these patients, aerobic and resistance exercises reduce depression and stress by increasing happiness hormone secretion and increasing self-confidence and positive sensations. They also enhance functional capacities and reduce physical risks in individuals with MS.

• The outcomes showed that the selected functional exercises significantly increased the chest wall mobility and improved the functional movements of the athletes.

Researchers regularly conduct innovative research to prevent sports injuries, and effective sports methods and approaches are investigated. The present research examined the effectiveness of selected program in enhancing motor and respiratory function, thus reducing the possibility of injuries in athletes.

• No rate-dependent effect on forward shoulder posture with myofascial release.
• No rate-dependent effect on pectoralis major length with myofascial release.
• No rate-dependent effect on shoulder muscle excitation with myofascial release.

The value of something before a treatment or intervention (i.e. baseline) often influences how much and in what direction it will change following a treatment or intervention. While massage therapy is a widely used therapeutic intervention, it is not known if baseline values of variables before a massage influence how much they will change following a massage. It is important to understand this to assess the impact of massage interventions more accurately, which will allow for the design of effective treatment strategies to achieve desired outcomes. This study aimed to investigate whether baseline levels of forward shoulder posture, shoulder range of motion, and muscle activity influence how they each change after receiving a type of massage called myofascial release. We recruited 59 participants with forward shoulder posture who received a 4-minute myofascial release treatment to the tissue overlying their chest muscles (pectoral fascia). Forward shoulder posture, shoulder range of motion, and muscle activity were measured before and after the treatment. We found no significant relationship between the baseline values of forward shoulder posture, shoulder range of motion, and muscle activity and how each changed after treatment. This suggests that the baseline values of forward shoulder posture, shoulder range of motion, and muscle activity did not impact the effect of the treatment. Further research is needed to explore if baseline values influence responses to different types and amounts of massage and how this may affect patient-reported outcomes, such as pain and muscle and tissue characteristics, such as stiffness.