• Postural abnormalities are a prevalent issue among individuals, the incidence of which varies based on age, occupation, and lifestyle.
• It is essential to identify and address risk factors to prevent the development or progression of postural abnormalities.
• Physical activity is essential to maintain good posture and prevent postural abnormalities.

Plain Language Summary 
Poor posture can lead to health problems, such as back pain and musculoskeletal disorders. University students are especially at risk of developing poor posture due to prolonged sitting and studying. Our study focused on male students in Tehran City, Iran, to understand how common poor posture is and what factors are associated with it. By taking photographs and analyzing them, we identified different types of postural abnormalities, such as forward head posture (FHP), posterior kyphosis, and lumbar lordosis. The study showed that the prevalence of postural abnormalities among male students of Tehran University was high. The most common type of abnormality was forward head posture, followed by increased lumbar lordosis and posterior kyphosis. Overall, this study provides crucial insights into the prevalence and factors associated with postural abnormalities in male students of Tehran University. The findings have crucial implications for developing interventions to prevent or treat poor posture, ultimately contributing to better long-term health outcomes for university students.

• The results demonstrated a significant group×time interaction for gluteus medius (gluteus-M) frequency content at the mid-stance. 
• The results demonstrated an increase in frequency content for gluteus-M in the control group (CG) (but not in the intervention group [IG]) at the post-test than the pre-test. 
• The results demonstrated a significant group×time interaction for medial gastrocnemius (Gas-M) frequency content at the push-off phase. 
• The results demonstrated an increase in Gas-M frequency content in the IG (but not in the CG) at the post-test.

Plain Language Summary 
Sand training can be a suitable treatment method for individuals with over-pronated feet. This study aimed to investigate the effect of long-term exercises on the sand on the frequency of lower limb muscles during running in runners with over-pronated feet. The results demonstrated an increase in frequency content for gluteus-M in the control group (CG) (but not in the intervention group [IG]) at the post-test compared to the pre-test. As mentioned in a previous study, reduced gluteus-M frequency content in the IG may be associated with reduced foot pronation after sand training. A higher Gas-M frequency content in the IG after training may lead to better force generation at the push-off phase. Sand training can lead to improved muscular performance in runners with overpronated feet during running. 

• According to the research, the misalignment in the lower and upper limbs has been identified as a risk factor for injuries of the lower and upper limbs.
• Moderate evidence shows the popularity of Kyokushin karate among different strata of society.
• Evidence shows a relationship between upper and lower limb alignment and core stability.

Plain Language Summary 
Maintaining alignment and postural balance during functional activities is one of the tasks of the Core, which leads to preventing wrong patterns and maintaining alignment. After searching for core stability, alignment, and lower and upper limb function, no paper was found that investigated the effect of core stability exercises on Kyokushin Karate athletes. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the effect of core stability exercises on the lower and upper limb performance of Kyokushin athletes.

The research design was a randomized clinical trial.
• The results showed that yoga exercise plays a significant role in increasing the visual processing, the visual perception and spatial visualization, and spatial visualization.

Plain Language Summary 
This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of yoga training on visual processing, visual perception and spatial visualization, and spatial visualization. The research design was quasi-experimental, pre-test and post-test with a control group using a convenience selected method. The result showed that yoga training increased visual processing, visual perception and spatial visualization, and spatial visualization in students.

• Corrective games training corrects abnormal balance strategies in adolescent girls with pronation distortion syndrome.
• Corrective games training increases the impulses sent from plantar mechanical receptors.

Plain Language Summary 
Lower body pronation distortion syndrome is one of the common disorders in childhood and adolescence. People with this condition are at a higher risk of foot pain, knee pain, plantar fascia injury, stress fractures, poor athletic performance, and deficits in balance and proprioception. Since the occurrence of abnormalities in childhood and ignoring them can be a risk factor for their progression and occurrence in adulthood, improving and maintaining proper posture in children is of great importance. One of the methods currently used to correct postural abnormalities in advanced societies is games. In this method, it is possible to provide corrective movements in the form of games to individuals with postural abnormalities, especially children and adolescents. Considering children’s interest in games and their enthusiasm for physical activity during games, it is easy to achieve corrective goals through this method

• Chronic low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common causes of people’s disability.
• Performing the McGill stability exercises has a positive effect on the endurance of the trunk muscles.
• Performing the McGill stability exercises either in the supervised group or home-based setting, resulting in a reduction in pain and disability. 

Plain Language Summary 
Chronic LBP is one of the spine disorders and musculoskeletal problems and is one of the most common causes of people’s disability. The strength and endurance of the trunk muscles have a positive effect on reducing pain and increasing the stability and function of the spine. Several clinical studies have suggested movement therapy for the control of non-specific chronic LBP and stated that exercise therapy has a significant effect on relieving pain and improving disability. McGill’s stability exercises with a simultaneous focus on local and global muscles in the abdominal-lumbar region can be effective in improving the performance of these muscles. Many women with non-specific chronic LBP find it difficult to attend sports clubs due to lack of time and busy work. It is possible to help control and treat this type of back pain in such people by providing a suitable exercise program at home and following up on the correct implementation of exercise programs. The findings of this study indicated that executing McGill exercises, either in a supervised group or in home-based settings, can reduce pain and disability and improve the endurance of the spinal flexor and extensor muscles in middle-aged women with non-specific chronic LBP.

 Female athletes with non-specific chronic low back pain had weaker core muscle endurance than healthy athletes.
• Fatigue can have an adverse effect on the core stability of the body.
• Core muscle endurance of Female athletes with non-specific chronic low back pain showed a significant decrease after the fatigue protocol.

Plain Language Summary 
Low back pain is a common problem and more than 80% of people, whether athletes or non-athletes, will suffer from it at least once in their lifetime. Non-specific chronic low back pain is a type of back pain that does not have a specific structure and there is no specific organic damage that can explain the cause of the pain. There is a set of muscles in the abdominal area, the ability and endurance of which are necessary to maintain the stability of the whole body. The occurrence of back pain can cause a series of muscle weakness in the central area of the body. Based on this, it is necessary to evaluate the endurance of the abdominal muscles because of their very effective role in preventing or putting the athlete at risk of injury, as well as preventing the recurrence of back pain