1. Introduction
Chronic neck pain is significantly common in the community—approximately two-thirds of people experience neck pain at some point in their lives [
1,
2]. Neck disorders, in addition to pain and discomfort in the neck area, may refer pain to other areas, especially the head and upper limbs, and disturbs the patient’s activity of daily living [
3,
4]. Muscles in the neck area and myofascial pain have a significant effect on the occurrence of pain and disorders in this area [
5]. Myofascial pain may occur in muscles or fascia due to Trigger Points (TrPs). These points are small, painful, and sensitive points inside the muscle or fascia that can be active or latent. Active trigger points cause clinical symptoms such as referral pain, decreased use of the muscle group of that area, decreased muscle tone and strength, spasm and muscle hypertrophy, and decreased movement of the affected joints, but latent trigger points cause pain only when direct pressure by finger is applied [
2,
5,
6].
It is hypothesized that the presence of TrPs can increase acetylcholine abnormally, leading to increased muscle tension and the formation of the taut bands and hypoxia [
5]. The cause of these TrPs is multifactorial, including improper posture, incorrect biomechanics, overuse, repetitive activities, direct trauma, or stress [
7].
An intervention that targets neck muscle TrPs as part of a multi-stage treatment can help reduce symptoms in patients with neck pain [
8]. TrPs in muscle can cause motor changes (such as reduced range of motion, weak areas, and decreased simultaneous contraction, as well as sensory changes such as pain and tenderness) [
9]. TrPs may occur in any muscle, but they are more common in muscles involved in postural control, including the Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and Upper Trapezius (UT) [
10]. Numerous pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments have been applied to treat myofascial pain syndrome in patients with neck pain. As a non-pharmacological method, physiotherapy, including electrical, physical, and manual techniques (myofascial release, muscle energy, mobilization, and manipulation), stretching, and exercise programs are also recommended. Although these approaches are effective, recently, the use of Dry Needling (DN) has been taken into attention by patients and medical staff [
5,
11,
12,
13]. The DN methods with or without injection are recommended to manage myofascial pain syndrome [
14,
15]. Recently, the DN method and its clinical efficacy have received more attention and research [
16].
The most common DN method is the myofascial, deep method in which the needle enters the trigger points directly [
17]. The therapist finds the trigger point by touch and inserts the needle into the desired area. In this method, the local twitch response is followed by muscle relaxation. Compared to other physiotherapy modalities, DN is feasible to use and has been proposed as a method with rapid and effective treatment effects on TrPs. However, it is recommended to consider broadening the definition of DN to cover the stimulation of neural, muscular, and connective tissues, not just TrPs [
13,
18,
19].
DN may release the tight muscle bands associated with trigger points and decrease pain, and improve function [
19]. Of course, the optimal frequency, duration, and intensity of DN should be determined for many neuromusculoskeletal conditions. Many studies suggested manually stimulation of the needles and leaving them in situ for 10 to 30 minutes. Position statements and clinical practice guidelines for DN should be based on the best available literature [
13]. But DN is an invasive method, and some patients have reported side effects. Also, it may add to the cost of treatment. From a clinical and practical point of view, the use of safer and easier therapies and at the same time achieving better therapeutic outcomes is emphasized [
20].
Based on a systematic review and meta-analysis by Gattie et al., very low-quality to moderate-quality evidence suggests that DN performed by physical therapists is more effective than no treatment, sham DN, and other treatments for reducing pain and improving pressure pain threshold in patients presenting with musculoskeletal pain in the immediate to 12-week follow-up period. Low-quality evidence suggests superior outcomes with DN for functional outcomes than no treatment or sham needling [
21].
Conducting precise and controlled RCT research on whether the addition of the DN technique to conventional physiotherapy can increase the effectiveness of treatment can provide valuable evidence for the clinical applications of DN therapy. This study aimed to investigate the effect of adding the DN technique to conventional physiotherapy using on upper trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles for patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain. Pain severity, neck pain disability index, and muscle thickness of sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius were considered outcome measures.
2. Materials and Methods
Preliminary and methodological study
Initially, the reliability of muscle thickness measurement methods was evaluated in a methodological study. This research included 20 participants whose SCM and UT muscle thickness were measured at specific intervals (twice a day, one hour apart, and the third time, five days later) by the colleagues responsible for the assessments. The related details of the measuring method have been discussed in the method section.
The main study
This study was a single-blind randomized clinical trial. The study participants were selected from patients with non-specific chronic neck pain referred to a private physiotherapy clinic in Tehran, Iran, in 2019. Of volunteers, 39 participants were included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were between 25 and 50 years old, had neck pain for at least three months, had active TrPs (at least two sensitive points in UT and SCM muscles) (
Figure 1), and lacked a history of neck and shoulder myopathy, neuropathy, myelopathy and torticollis or neck, torso and shoulder surgery.
The exclusion criteria included the subjects’ unwillingness to continue participating in the study, using drugs that affect the central nervous system, such as sedatives, and defects in the visual field or abnormalities in the vestibular system. If we found subjects with possible contraindications of DN such as bruising, pneumothorax, infection, internal tissue damage, and bleeding, we would exclude them, too [
2-
5].
Firstly, the objectives and method of the study were explained for the subjects. All subjects signed the informed consent form in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and voluntarily participated in the study. These participants were then divided into two groups through computer randomization. One group received conventional Physiotherapy (PT) as a control group and the second group received conventional Physiotherapy plus Dry Needling (PT+DN) as the intervention group. In both groups, conventional physiotherapy treatments included ultrasound (1 Meg, 1 W/cm2, 5 min), TENS (typical, 100 Hz, 20 minutes), infrared (7 minutes), and exercise therapy for neck pain (isometric, range of motion, strengthening and stretching exercises) [
22,
23] performed for 10 days (10 sessions, five days a week) [
24].
In the intervention group, in addition to the conventional physiotherapy for neck pain, patients also received DN for SCM and UT muscles in treatment sessions of 2, 5, and 8. DN was applied on active TrPs, for three sessions with an interval of 48 hours between sessions. In treatment sessions, the criterion for the needling to hit the trigger point was one of the following: creating a local twitch response or creating a sense of diffusion. Detecting active trigger points in SCM and UT was performed by the pincer palpation method [
25]. The landmark to find the TrPs was that when we squeezed them, pain and inconvenience were felt by the patient. Then, DN was applied on three active trigger points found on the main bulk of each target muscle [
26].
DN of sternocleidomastoid muscles
The patient lies down in a supine position. Once the carotid artery is identified, both muscle heads, clavicular and sternal, are pulled up for pinching. The needle is then inserted perpendicular to the skin and the therapist’s fingers. The needle can be inserted from front to back or from back to front. A sterile acupuncture needle with a diameter of 0.25 mm and a length of 2 cm is used. Before starting the treatment with DN, the therapist first washes his hands and uses sterile latex gloves, and also cleanses the skin on the desired area with alcohol. The needle is then inserted into the skin on the affected trigger point to slowly reach the trigger point and then moved up and down five times. Induction of pain or local twitch response indicates the correct location of the needle. The carotid artery is inside the sternocleidomastoid muscle near the trachea. We pinched the muscle away from the artery and inserted the needle vertically between the fingers that pinned the muscle, and avoided the needle entering the artery [
27,
28].
DN of the upper trapezius muscle
The patient lies down in a supine position, with the head is on the pillow in a normal position and the hands are next to the body. A sterile acupuncture needle with a diameter of 0.25 mm and a length of 2 cm is used. Before starting the dry needle treatment, the cleansing method is used for the desired area. The therapist first washes his hands and uses sterile latex gloves, and also cleanses the skin on the affected area with alcohol. The needle is then inserted into the skin on the affected trigger point to slowly reach the trigger point and then moved up and down five times. The direction of the needle should not be towards the lungs. When the muscle is gripped toward the head, the needle is inserted between the therapist’s fingers and perpendicular to the ground. Induction of pain or local twitch response indicates the correct location of the needle.
In this method, a needle is used on the muscle at the main point, i.e., between the thorny appendage of the seventh vertebra and the acromion. Regardless of the local response, the needle is held at any point for 3 minutes. This process is repeated three times, and each time the patient rests for 5 minutes. The DN was applied for three sessions with an interval of 48 hours between sessions. It should be noted that in treatment sessions, the criterion for the needle to hit the trigger point is one of the following: creating a local twitch response or creating a sense of diffusion [
29,
30].
Outcome measures included pain, neck pain disability index, and muscle thickness of SCM and UT in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain. Using valid and reliable tools [
25-
35], the evaluation was performed at the first session (before the intervention), after the last treatment session, and one month after the treatment (follow-up). To observe the blindness of the study and to prevent bias, two things were considered. First, the patients were randomly placed in the control or treatment groups by a computer randomization method. Second, an experienced physiotherapist performed the treatment, and another physiotherapist performed the evaluation as the research colleague who was unaware of the grouping.
Study instruments
Research consent form
It was a form provides potential research participants sufficient written information to decide whether to participate in the research study or not, based on an explanation of the proposed research and the nature of the participation that was requested of them.
General information questionnaire
The general questionnaire was used to collect background information such as age, weight, height, and history of disease and medications used, history of acute and severe trauma to the neck, and other information of individuals. The examiner completed this questionnaire through a face-to-face interview. The obtained data by this questionnaire controlled the health, or illness, and injury conditions of the participants and the inclusion criteria.
Scales and tape measures
The weight and height of the participants were measured using scales and tape meters.
Visual Analog Scale (VAS) of Pain
Subjects’ pain intensity was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), which is standardized and is a valid and reliable tool for measuring pain. This scale is divided from zero (painless) to ten (most severe pain). This scale is a 10-cm line on which the pain is rated between 0 and 10. According to the guidelines of this scale, 0 indicates the absence of pain, the number 1 to 3 indicates mild pain, the number 4 to 6 indicates moderate pain, and the number 7 to 10 indicates severe pain. The subjects were asked to report two separate scores for their pain intensity, one related to the highest pain intensity they experienced and the other related to pain intensity when filling out the questionnaire [
31].
Neck Disability Index Scale (NDI)
This scale is used to assess the degree of functional disability in patients with neck pain. In this study, the Persian version of the neck functional disability questionnaire was used. This questionnaire is completed, and its validity and reliability have been shown. It consists of 10 sections, and each of these 10 sections has a score from 0 to 5. So, the maximum score was 50. The percentage of disability score was calculated by multiplying the total points obtained by 100 and then dividing by a score of 50. Total acquired score/Total protentional score=disability score. Its scales include the following:
(0-4)=no disability, (14-5)=mild, (15-24)=moderate, (25-34)=severe, (above 34)=complete disability
It has been suggested that there should be a difference of at least 5 points to be clinically significant. If the patient score difference remains between 5-15, it means that the recovery rate is excellent [
32,
33].
The physiotherapy devices
These devices include ultrasound (model 215P), TENS (model 620P), both manufactured by Novin Medical Engineering Company, Iran, and Infrared (manufactured by Noavaran company).
Needle
Needles with a length of 2 cm and a diameter of 0.25 mm were used to perform the dry needle method [
26-
30].
Ultrasound device
Using a B-mode ultrasound device (Ultrasound, logia 100, General Electrics, Milwaukee, WI) and 7.5 MHz linear probes (
Figure 2), we recorded the maximum vertical distance between the lower and upper hyperechogenic margins of the muscle, as the maximum thickness of anatomical transverse muscle or cross-section.
To measure muscle thickness using ultrasound at each stage before and after treatment and follow-up, we measured each image three times and recorded their mean as the actual size [
28,
34,
35]. The reliability of the ultrasound measurement method was evaluated by assessing the outcomes in the present study.
Evaluation of sternocleidomastoid muscle thickness
First, the patient is placed on the bed in a supine position so that the hands are placed on the special line next to the body and head and neck in the midline and normal position without any lateral deviation. The patient is asked to breathe normally and not to speak. The head is then rotated slightly toward the opposite of the muscle measured. The sternal head of this muscle is located on the outer side of the cricoid cartilage. The probe is then placed on the muscle at the trigger points so that the transducer is located in the front of the neck, parallel to the direction of the trachea, and approximately 5 cm from the midline. Muscle fibers should be seen in parallel.
It should be noted that the center point of the probe is located on the area that is already marked on the muscle and is adjusted so that the direction of the muscle fibers is parallel to it and the two ends of the muscle are in the thickest position. Therefore, the longitudinal image of the SCM muscle is recorded, and the maximum muscle thickness is measured in the middle of the probe. Thus, the maximum distance between the lower and upper hyperechogenic margins of the muscle is recorded as the maximum thickness of the SCM muscle. All assessments are performed without applying pressure to the skin, and a thin layer of gel is applied between the transducer and the skin. All measurements are made at the end of the patient and examiner’s exhalation. For ultrasound at each stage before and after treatment, each image is measured three times, and their mean is recorded as the actual size [
23,
28,
34,
35].
Evaluation of the upper trapezius muscle thickness
All participants were evaluated using a supersonic ultrasound device equipped with two screens (ultrasound, Logia 100, General Electrics, Milwaukee, WI) and a 7.5 MHz linear probe at the trigger points of the UT muscle. First, the patient was placed on the bed in a position with the head in the neutral position, with the shoulder bent at 0 degrees, the elbow in the flat position completely, and the forearm in the neutral position, with no lateral deviation. The patient was then asked not to move his head or neck in any way or to speak during the assessment. The probe was then placed on the muscle at the point of trigger points so that the muscle fibers were seen in parallel. It should be noted that the center point of the probe was placed on a pre-defined area on the muscle and was adjusted so that the direction of the muscle fibers was parallel to it and the two ends of the muscle were in the thickest position. Therefore, the longitudinal image of the UT muscle was recorded, and the maximum muscle thickness was measured in the middle of the probe. Thus, the maximum distance between the lower and upper hyperechogenic margins of the muscle was recorded as the maximum muscle thickness and the distance between the lower and upper muscles as the maximum thickness of the upper trapezius muscle. All evaluations were performed without applying pressure to the skin, and a thin layer of gel was applied between the transducer and the skin to ensure this. All measurements were performed at the end of the patient and examiner exhalation. For sonography at each stage before and after treatment, each image was measured three times, and their mean was recorded as the actual size [
36,
37].
Ethical consideration
The objectives and method of this study were reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran.
Statistical method
SPSS v. 22 was used for statistical analyses. Calculation of Interclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) and Standard Error of Measure (SEM) indices were used to evaluate the level of relative and absolute reliability of measurement methods. The analysis of variance test of 2×3 mixed factor model to investigate the main and interaction effects of group and time factors on the dependent variables studied and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to examine the mean differences between the two groups.
3. Results
The findings regarding the reliability tests of the measured muscle thickness (within and between days)
The reliability study included 20 participants. The findings are presented in
Table 1.
The ICC values with 95% confidence limits, as well as the SEM values for each variable, are calculated and presented in
Table 1. The ICC values between 0.26 to 0.49 are low-reliability values, 0.50 to 0.69 as moderate reliability values, 0.70 to 0.89 as high-reliability values, and 0.90 to 1 as very high-reliability values [
38].
According to
Table 1, the reliability of the above variables, including the maximum thickness of the right and left sternocleidomastoid muscles and the maximum thickness of the right and left upper trapezius muscles, are high to very high.
Descriptive findings of data
Table 2 presents the Mean±SD of the demographic characteristics of the study participants.
Findings regarding testing of research hypotheses
Hypothesis 1: The effect of adding dry needling technique to conventional physiotherapy on pain in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain. As shown in Tables
3 and
4, the results of 1-way analysis of variance and the corrected Bonferroni post hoc test indicate that by adding the DN technique to conventional physiotherapy, the pain intensity of patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain compared to the control group had a further decrease. According to the results, DN intervention, in addition to conventional physiotherapy, had a greater effect size than the control group both in the post-test period (P=0.012) and in the follow-up period regarding the pain variable (P=0.047).
Hypothesis 2: The effect of adding dry needling technique to conventional physiotherapy on the disability index of patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain. As shown in Tables
2 and
3, the results of 1-way analysis of variance and the corrected Bonferroni post hoc test indicate that by adding the DN technique to conventional physiotherapy, the disability index in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain compared with the control group decreased further over time. According to the results, DN intervention and conventional physiotherapy had a greater effect size than the control group in the follow-up period regarding the disability index variable (P=0.032).
Hypothesis 3: The effect of adding dry needling technique to conventional physiotherapy on the upper trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscle thickness in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain. As shown in Tables
5 and
6, the results of 1-way analysis of variance and the corrected Bonferroni post hoc test indicate that by adding the DN technique to conventional physiotherapy, the thickness of the upper trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain showed more decrease in time, compared with the control group. Based on the results, DN intervention, in addition to conventional physiotherapy, had a greater effect size than the control group in post-test for the upper trapezius muscle (P=0.032) and follow-up for sternocleidomastoid muscle thickness (P=0.026) and for the upper trapezius muscle (P=0.024).
4. Discussion
The results of this randomized clinical trial study showed that adding dry needling to conventional physiotherapy would further reduce the severity of neck pain, improve neck disability index, and reduce SCM and UT muscle thickness in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain. Overall, the results showed that pain, neck disability index, and change in SCM and UT muscle thickness in the conventional physiotherapy plus dry needling group had significant changes (P<0.05) in the post-test and follow-up periods compared to the control group.
The effects of adding Dry Needling (DN) to conventional physiotherapy on pain and functional disability
The pain gradually decreased over time in the intervention group compared to the control group. There are pros and cons to the effects of DN on pain in people with myofascial pain syndrome. Ilbuldu et al. showed that Trigger Point Dry Needling (TrPDN) has no significant short-term or long-term effects on reducing pain in people with upper trapezius muscle myofascial pain syndrome [
39]. One of the important indicators of DN use in people with myofascial pain syndrome is the mechanical stimulation of TrPs. Baldry et al. showed that following the use of TrPDN, the pain was reduced in 87% of cases at the target site, which was permanent in 31% of cases [
40]. In line with the present results, Rezaeian et al. found the positive effects of the DN technique on trigger points of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in migraine headache [
28]. Using deep dry needling and passive stretch is more effective than passive stretch only in managing trapezius muscle myofascial pain syndrome in neck pain [
40]. A study on individuals with TrPs in the UT muscle revealed that both DN and trigger point compression produced a 3-month improvement in pain intensity and disability [
30].
The segmental and central mechanisms have been proposed as the mechanisms by which TrPDN reduces pain. Mechanical stimulation to sensitive muscle receptors due to needle placement reduces metabolic mediators and increases local microcirculation. A possible reduction in chemical mediators may be related to observing an immediate reduction in pain and tenderness after TrPDN. Applying mechanical needle stimulation to TrPs is likely to have positive effects on the associated myofascial system. These effects include improved fiber structure, reduced local stiffness, and improved blood circulation. It seems that the application of mechanical stimulation increases the production of smooth muscle actin and repair of fascia in the affected areas [
14,
26]. Liptan concluded that therapies that cause direct mechanical stimulation of connective tissue could eliminate connective tissue fibrosis. On the other hand, DN can establish homeostasis in fascia by destroying excess collagen connections and subsequently reduce tension in connective tissue [
42].
Sterling et al. did not confirm the short-term effect of DN but has shown better effects in the long term [
43]. Cagnie et al. also showed that DN could increase blood circulation in areas further from the DN area and even in the opposite muscle. It is showed that DN could increase blood circulation approximately twice in the central region of TrP, as studies have shown decreased blood circulation and increased lactate in this muscle only after 30 minutes of repetitive activity [
44]. In the present study, the results showed that over time, functional disability in the intervention group decreased more. Also, in the present study, the effects of DN in follow-up on reducing functional disability were more, while in the DN group in follow-up, functional disability was reduced.
The effects of DN therapies on functional disability in people with myofascial pain syndrome have been different [
29,
30,
44-
48]. Research by Pecos-Martin et al. showed that TrPDN could increase functional ability in people with neck pain [
46]. Pavkovich also showed that TrPDN application improves neck functional ability [
47]. Similar results were reported in the study of Gerber et al. [
29]. Ziaeifar et al. showed that following three sessions of TrPDN treatment of the upper trapezius muscle, the functional ability of the arm improved [
30]. Pavkovich showed that TrPDN on the muscles of the upper trapezius, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and levator scapula did not alter the range of motion of the neck and shoulders. However, the reason for this was the fusion of the cervical vertebrae [
47]. Rock and Rainey showed that performing two DN sessions with electrical stimulation on the dorsal spine improves pain and range of motion in people with multifidus muscle myofascial pain syndrome [
48]. It should be noted that these researchers did not report any explanation for the change in these parameters. Also, the changes were measured in the short term. In this study, there was no control group, and DN was not studied alone, but with electrical stimulation with a frequency of 1.5 Hz, which may reduce pain [
48].
The study results showed that adding TrPDN to physiotherapy exercises reduces the index of neck disability. Our results are consistent with the study by León-Hernández et al. They reported that neck disability was significantly reduced after the use of DN and the combination of DN and percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation [
49]. In general, the results of the present study and other studies show that the TrPDN technique reduces pain and improves the ability of patients. In line with the results of our study, several studies have shown that reducing neck pain can improve its function.
In a systematic review and meta-analysis, Rahou-El-Bachiri et al. showed no significant effects of TrPDN for managing knee pain syndromes at mid- or long-term follow-ups. They argue the risk of bias was generally low, but the heterogeneity and the imprecision of the results downgraded the level of evidence. They concluded low to moderate evidence suggests a positive effect of TrPDN on pain and related disability in patellofemoral pain, but not knee osteoarthritis or post-surgery knee pain, in the short-term. They emphasized the need for high-quality trials investigating the long-term effects of DN [
50].
Neck muscles’ TrPs, are not only the source of pain and discomfort in the neck area but also pain in other areas, especially the head and upper limbs. Consequently, these patients limit the use of the muscle group of that area. They face muscle weakness and spasm and decreased movement of the affected joints, and limited Range of Motion (ROM). Through releasing the TrPs and related tight muscle bands, DN can cause an immediate reduction in local, referred, and widespread pain, better motor control, muscle activation patterns, and finally, improved Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and function. DN also affects decreasing peripheral and central sensitization. DN also affects decreasing peripheral and central sensitization. In response to some stimuli, a high-pitched and sharp sensitivity may normally occur in the central or peripheral nervous system. Following an injury, a normal sensitization response is arising to help prevent additional harm. This condition may also present in many chronic pain conditions. In pathological conditions, sensitization may produce pain stimuli even if no harmful events are occurring [
2-
9,
19,
51-
59].
The effects of adding Dry Needling (DN) to conventional physiotherapy on muscle thickness
In the present study, the muscle thickness in the TrPDN group showed a significant decrease between before and after follow-up. On the other hand, the highest slope of muscle thickness reduction was related to the TrPDN group, which was observed between before and after treatment. The reason for this effect seems to be the local muscle twitch response following DN application [
26]. Ultrasound is an advanced instrument that measures muscle function non-invasively [
34]. Ultrasound examination of muscle thickness has shown varied and sometimes contradictory results in different muscles [
27-
29,
59].
In patients with nonspecific neck pain, TrPDN with PT significantly reduced SCM and UT muscle thickness compared to the control group in follow-up. These results are consistent with the study by Martín-Rodríguez et al. [
27]. Excessive SCM muscle thickness in patients with neck pain can be attributed to misuse of the deep neck flexor muscles, the dominance of superficial neck flexors (such as the SCM muscle) in neck flexion movements, tonic contraction of the SCM muscle, and persistent flexion [
35,
60].
Some authors have reported altered axioscapular muscle function in neck pain and increased upper trapezius activity alongside pain in patients with neck pain [
28,
30,
45]. Because we reported improved effects after TrPDN treatment of trigger points in the UT muscle and SCM, this increase could affect spinal and supraspinal mechanisms or both.
Myofascial Trigger Points Dry Needling (MTrPsDN)in UT muscle significantly reduces pain intensity in people with neck pain [
29,
59,
60]. DN may mechanically stretch local sarcomeres. DN stimulates A-delta and activates enkephalin-producing neurons in the dorsal horn, reducing pain. It has been shown that DN may affect blood and muscle circulation and changes in the chemical properties of MTrPs [
51]. So, because DN treatment reduces pain and improves function in patients with non-specific neck pain, it improves tissue nutrition due to increased blood flow and reduces spasm [
61].
Limitations of this study and suggestions for future studies
In this study, the effect of psychological factors, gender, and social factors was not examined. Because of the influence of psychological factors in reporting symptoms and the treatment process, future studies should consider psychological factors, and to solve the problems of each patient, a biological and psychological model (biosocial model) should be considered.
5. Conclusion
This study shows that adding dry needling to routine physiotherapy for patients with non-specific chronic neck pain can increase the effect of the intervention on the improvement of pain, disability, and changes in muscle thickness of SCM and UT.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
This research was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran.
Funding
This research was supported by University of Kharazmi.
Authors' contributions
All authors equally contributed to preparing this article.
Conflict of interest
The authors declared no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
We appreciate those who participated in the research for their valuable contributions. Also, we thank the Department of Biomechanics and Sports Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Kharazmi University for sponsoring the project.
Refrences: