Volume 10, Issue 4 (Autumn 2020)                   PTJ 2020, 10(4): 185-194 | Back to browse issues page


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Saki F, Bakhtiari Khou S, Ramezan F. The Role of Digital Technologies as an Alternative for Face-to-Face Knee Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review. PTJ 2020; 10 (4) :185-194
URL: http://ptj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-454-en.html
1- Department of Corrective Exercises and Sport Injury, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.
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1. Introduction
nee Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most frequent articular disorder. Its prevalence is approximately 45% in the general population (40% & 47% for men & women, respectively). Knee OA is among the 5 main causes of disability in adults over 50 years of age [1]. Besides, it is a significant threat to their Quality of Life (QoL) and independence. Previous studies have suggested that OA affects about 14% of individuals aged >26 years, 27% of adults aged >45 years, and 37% of adults aged >60 years [2].
Knee OA causes pain and decreased physical activity, which adversely affects the patient’s QoL [3, 4]. No definitive cure has been identified for and only the required measures have been taken to manage it. The optimal management of knee OA requires a combination of pharmacological (e.g., corticosteroids, topical analgesia, & intra-articular therapy) and non-pharmacological (e.g., weight loss, exercise, & physical activity) therapies [5, 6]. Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) is necessary when the conservative treatments of knee OA, such as physiotherapy, weight loss, physical activity, exercise, patient training [7], intra-articular injection, and anti-inflammatory medications are ineffective [6]. The incidence of TKA has increased by 56% in 2020 [8]. It is estimated that the demand for TKA will rise by 673% until 2030 [9]. 
The benefits of TKA are negligible due to its side effects for the patients treated with TKA. Numerous studies have reported that long-term rehabilitation is critical to facilitate muscle strength recovery, the range of motion, walking, and proprioception, and improve kinematics during dynamic activities, and daily living activities [10, 11]. Therefore, postoperative rehabilitation is an essential complement to surgery. It is also a necessary component of returning to optimal functional levels in patients with TKA.
Among conservative treatments, exercise therapy generates the least adverse effects on the internal organs of the body; it can be practiced anywhere, anytime, and at a low cost [12]. In addition, home exercise therapy is effective for improving the patient’s walking ability and daily living activities. This is due to improved joint stability, muscle strength, and range of motion [4]. Based on the literature, patients with knee OA who walk ≥6000 steps per day encounter less functional limitations, compared to their sedentary counterparts [13]; thus, walking can maintain knee function and reduce the complications of this disease.
Digital technologies are among the newest approaches used in the field of prevention, care, and treatment. There were more than two billion smartphones and 287000 lifestyle applications on the Google Play Store in 2020; such data demonstrate the strong influence of digital technologies on human life [14]. Digital technologies can be a cost-effective alternative to in-person treatment sessions, where the lifestyle changes, follow-up, and guidance of patients are addressed. These technologies are easily accessible via smartphones and smartwatches, email, websites, webcams, and remote monitoring sensors. 
Besides, remote sensing technologies enable the monitoring of patients’ adherence to treatment, leading to individual and timely interventions during treatment; it is a major barrier that limits the effectiveness of long-term treatment programs [15]. Patient self-care is important for managing OA and post-TKA care; accordingly, applying digital technologies is helpful. Digital technologies provide opportunities for home rehabilitation by empowering the patients that can assist with reducing costs. Such applications have demonstrated clinical pain relief over the past 5 years. They have also resulted in saving medical costs due to reduced need for injections, medications, and surgery.
Digital health is moving to many different areas of healthcare, including Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for pain and depression, and the remote monitoring of patients with cardiovascular disease [16]. A digital health program has reflected positive results in the prevention of diabetes; the outcomes continue for up to two years after the completion of the program [17]. Similarly, the effects of a digital sleep therapy program have been established in a randomized controlled trial [18]. However, there is relatively limited digital innovation in the musculoskeletal field and it has rarely been studied in this context.
A certain treatment for OA remains undiscovered; thus, patients usually reported functional limitations and pain after TKA [19]. According to the significance of knee rehabilitation in the return to optimal functional levels and advantages of non-face rehabilitation, the current review aimed to evaluate the effects of digital technologies for enhancing physical activity, improving, and managing pain in patients with knee injuries and pain.
2. Materials and Methods
A systematic search was conducted from October 2019 to January 2020 in the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. The used keywords included “digital care program”, “e-health”, “physical activity”, and “knee pain”. This review study only considered articles that have directly studied knee treatment and rehabilitation programs through various digital technologies. The studies published in languages other than English; those on diseases other than knee problems; the articles with completely similar results, and those investigating children or adolescents were excluded. The inclusion criteria were as follows: valid articles indexed in these databases that digital technologies were an except original in the intervention; databases that investigated the impact of digital technologies on OA and TKA knee improvement, and the randomized controlled trials (Table 1). 



3. Results
A total of 734 articles were found based on the search strategies of this study. Then, the title and abstract of the articles were evaluated considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. Finally, 8 articles were remained and assessed based on the full-text evaluation of the articles. Figure 1 shows the exclusion algorithm of the explored papers. 
 

The studies evaluated in this review were randomized controlled trials that had examined the impact of digital technologies on the improvement of knee problems. Furthermore, most reviewed articles were focused on individuals with knee OA, and only 3 studies focused on TKA. The study participants included 1101 males and females. These interventions were performed to reduce pain, stiffness, Body Mass Index (BMI), and surgical risk, as well as to increase physical activity and QoL. The research participants’ age ranged 18-80 years, with the intervention period ranging 2-12 weeks. 
The technologies used in the selected studies included mobile applications, activity trackers, and websites. The explored participants received relevant programs and exercises through a website in two studies; activity trackers were used alone in one study; rehabilitation was conducted through smartphone applications in the 3 other studies. A combination of digital technologies was employed in other articles. Most evaluated investigations had used consultants or supporters to motivate and maintain the treatment process. The interventions of control groups varied in different studies (Table 2). 





To evaluate the quality of the methodology, the PEDro scale was used for randomized studies [20]. The score of each study was determined by two authors. The PEDro scale includes 11 items, and the first item evaluates external validity. This item is usually not included in the study evaluation. Thus, the evaluation was performed based on items 2-12 in the present study according to Moher et al.’s (2015) guidelines. Score one was given for the option “yes” and the score zero was dedicated to the option “no”. The studies with this scale ranged from zero to 4, as poor methodological quality, 6 or 6 as moderate, and those with scores of ≥7 had high methodological quality [21].
4. Discussion
Digital technologies can effectively provide knee self-care (chronic pain) programs. The patients with OA may have trouble performing moderate to severe activities due to pain [30]. In this situation, individuals can perform light activities. Studies have revealed that an inactive lifestyle (e.g., sitting for long periods) is a predictor of poor health outcomes [31]. In this regard, Li et al. (2017) investigated the effects of using an activity tracker for 8 weeks (≥10 minutes fast walking) along with telephone consultation with a physiotherapist once a week [32]. In their study, the control group received similar interventions to that of the exercise group with a one-month delay in the onset. Both research groups indicated moderate to high improvements in physical activity, pain, QoL, and health status, as well as increased daily living activity [25]. Interestingly, light activities, even at moderate levels (e.g., conducting daily living activities while standing or walking slowly), can be beneficial to health [32]. 
Moreover, Talbot et al. (2003) combined a pedometer-based walking program with self-management training for patients with knee OA [33]. Their results suggested a moderate increase in the daily number of going up and down the stairs (23%) and the isometric strength of patients’ quadriceps muscles (21%), compared with the controls [33]. Compared to a pedometer, wearable devices, such as smartwatches and gadgets provide additional features, like the ability to track activity intensity and can provide performance diagram over time. These features enable individuals to follow specific goals with the awareness of their progress and provide real feedback on achieving the goals [34]. 
Better results were found in the studies in which supervision and support were provided and the patients were informed concerning their treatment process and progress [24]. Bossen et al. (2013) aimed to increase the patients’ interaction and engagement with the treatment plan; accordingly, the program and treatment process was provided to the patients by weekly emails [28]. When each step was completed, the patient was allowed access to the next treatment step. This measure increased the patient’s efforts to complete the steps to achieve rewards and reach the next intervention steps [28].
Therefore, designing an appropriate exercise program personalized to the patient’s condition and symptoms, and capable of being implemented at home, is of great importance [35, 36]. Additionally, targeting programs according to the individuals’ characteristics and conditions is an essential principle of an exercise schedule. Limited studies have personalized the goals of physical activity, i.e., effective in promoting health, compared with public physical activity purposes [27].
Long-term adherence to exercises can habituate behavior in individuals. Based on the explored articles, employing digital technologies at different time intervals (2-12 weeks & even up to one year of follow-up) can promote health and improve self-care. In the study by Mecklenburg et al. (2018), exercise training was performed with sensor and remote psychological support by a private coach [23]. Besides, self-care training was conducted in 12 weeks. Their collected results reflected improvements in pain, physical function, and a decrease in the desire for surgery [23]. The cost of surgery in the United States is $40000. This study indicated that the cost savings for surgery were estimated as $4340 during one year, $4660 over two years, and $7900 over 5 years for the patients who participated in the digital care program, compared with the controls that only received self-care education articles [23].
Exercise therapy through DVDs, websites, or video software on mobiles allows patients to comfortably practice in their homes while watching a sports show [2635]. A study compared web-based and DVD-based exercise therapy in patients with hip osteoarthritis; the self-efficiency values were higher in the website group, i.e., important in behavior modification [35]. DVD-based exercise programs are only available by providing copied DVDs to the patients. Moreover, websites allow patients to have broader access to sports programs via the internet; however, there are concerns about interest in the internet among older patients [37].
Managing knee OA with exercises is a basis of conservative self-care for this chronic disease [37]. Despite the substantial literature supporting this recommendation, most physicians overlook exercises as part of patients’ management plans. Generally, considering exercise by physicians to manage musculoskeletal disorders is scarce (%14) [38]. The main reasons for the non-use of exercise prescription include the following: restricted visiting time of patients, and the lack of exercise training in medical schools, resulting in insufficient basic knowledge of exercise training [39, 40]. Patients with OA stated that their main reason for not exercising and improving their condition was the lack of receiving exercise suggestions from their physician [39].
Web-based and smartphone applications as well as the internet can be successfully used for self-management and rehabilitation interventions in patients with knee OA [41]. The patients who received personalized and interactive instructions to improve pain, stiffness, and physical performance were satisfied with this approach [42, 43]. Applying the internet for health and physical activity interventions has the potential to reduce costs, improve health, and satisfy users [44]. Brooks et al. (2014) in their prospective study designed the first comprehensive web-based system (Therapeutic Exercise Resource Center [TERC]) to evaluate, prescribe, monitor, and adjust exercise therapy programs for patients with OA [28]. In this system, a personalized program, including strength, flexibility, and aerobic exercises is designed based on the patient-entered data, and developed to improve neuromuscular disorders, knee OA symptoms, and general health [45]. 
TERC can be used by healthcare providers to promote exercise among patients with knee OA [44]. The clinical features of the TERC program include the following: the ability to determine the health level of individuals; to administer a personalized exercise program for each participant, and to provide high-quality animations that present the correct pattern of exercise movements to the patients with OA. Live modeling or the video training of exercises significantly reduces the number of functional errors, compared to the mere use of printed tables of exercise program. Patients’ confidence increases respecting the ability to correctly perform the sports prescriptions and the odds of adherence to exercise programs. In this study, >90% of patients reported that sports animations were useful and easy to imitate [45].
Using mobile health applications has the potential to improve the patient’s therapeutic outcomes. Mobile health programs are beneficial tools in weight loss programs [46]. Mobile phones are considered as mobile technologies, one of which is smartphones [47]. Some features of mobile phones include sensors, such as GPS, accelerometer, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth, as well as wireless communication with apparatus, like heart rate belts [48, 49].
Schoeppe et al. (2016) argued that the effectiveness of smartphone applications with wearable devices is greater than that of smartphone applications alone [50]. However, no articles compared the distinct roles of wearable devices with smartphone apps on physical activity and adherence to the sport. Hussain et al. (2017) evaluated the effects of using a home-based digital platform after surgery. Their results demonstrated improved pain, range of motion, and knee function; improved QoL and biopsychological health scores (i.e., stress, anxiety, depression), and improved self-management and the ability to actively bend the knee [29]. Such services not only provide access to post-surgical rehabilitation to the patients in the relatively remote geographic areas but also reduce transportation costs and time required for the healthcare systems and the patients, as well as prolong rehabilitation interventions.
5. Conclusion
Considering the increasing prevalence of knee pain among the population and the rising cost of treatment, the necessity of training individuals on prevention, treatment, and self-care has been overemphasized. Furthermore, the role of digital technologies and media is becoming more noticeable. This is due to the high cost of developing physical platforms for health education and information provision in the field of health, as well as the advancements of technologies and their increasing use in individuals’ lives. The present study data indicated that decreased mobility in patients with knee OA may adversely impact their QoL and pain. Motivating patients to walk may increase mobility which can reduce these negative effects. 
Applying digital technologies provides a significant improvement in motor parameters and reduces pain in patients with knee OA and TKA. Moreover, the ability of patients and physicians to use digital technologies in the treatment and control of diseases is of importance. However, further studies are required to increase the acceptance rate of using digital technologies for treatment and self-care by sports therapists, physicians, and patients.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
All ethical principles are considered in this article. The participants were informed of the purpose of the research and its implementation stages.
Funding
This research received no specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors.
Authors' contributions
All authors equally contributed in preparing this article.
Conflict of interest
The authors declared no conflicts of interest.


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Type of Study: Research | Subject: Special
Received: 2020/06/10 | Accepted: 2020/08/22 | Published: 2020/10/1

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